Senegal / Netherlands / Central African Republic / Sudan / Egypt / Mali / Gambia / Indonesia / Kenya / Malaysia / Uganda / United States / Chad / Nigeria / Djibouti / Somalia / Sierra Leone / / /
Facility
Egyptian court / Southern Methodist University / American College of Obstetricians / University of Washington / / /
University of Washington / ACOG committee / International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics / Dutch government / World Health Organization / Egyptian court / Bettina Shell-Duncan* Department of Anthropology / Welfare / Health and Culture Ministry / United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund / Addictive Behaviors Research Center / Anthropology Department / United Nations / Tostan / Southern Methodist University / American Medical Association / the American College / Ministry of Health / US hospital / /
Person
Carla Obermeyer / Alan Marlatt / Bettina Shell-Duncan / Ylva Hernlund / Ellen Gruenbaum / Toubia / /
Position
medical anthropologist / Minister of Health / physician and activist / moral model / drug control policy / Director / nurse / Sierra LeonanAmerican anthropologist / /
ProvinceOrState
Washington / /
Region
Northern Sudan / sub-Saharan Africa / West Africa / central Kenya / south Kenya / northern Kenya / Western Kenya / /
Social Science & Medicine[removed]–1028 The medicalization of female ‘‘circumcision’’: harm reduction or promotion of a dangerous practice? Bettina Shell-Duncan* Department of Anthropology, University of