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functional chemical compounds / biotic non-equilibrium systems / chemical evolution / densities-in-energy / chemical thermodynamics / animate and inanimate systems / high-energy radiation / larger energy transduction system / massaction law / machinery / low-energy surroundings / energy conduction / chemical potent mk / potential energy gradients / catalytic products / energy differences / food / energy / chemical reactions / high-energy surroundings / primitive chemical evolution / average energy / accessed free energy / energy intake / energy gradients / potential energy / potential energy differences / primordial energy transduction networks / energy influx / primordial systems / endoergic external energy / high-energy / diverse energy transduction systems / i.e. food chain / energy transduction mechanisms / energy density differences / External energy couples / directional energy gradients / chemical synthesis / energy transduction process / energy transduction machinery / animate and simple inanimate systems / chemical equilibrium / free energy / energy transduction / external energy / chemical system / high-energy influx / open system undergoing chemical reactions / external energy-powered system / energy transduction network / chemical potential energy differences / biological systems / chemical potential / energy density / chemical compounds / energy transduction mechanism / huge potential energy difference / energy gradient / energy dispersal / energy difference / high-energy sources / energy content / overall energy transduction / primordial energy transduction mechanism / energy balance / energy landscape / energy transduction system / kinetic energy / chemical syntheses / ecosystem food web / energy transduction chain / potential energy difference / orderly energy transduction machinery / overall chemical potential / energy densities / low-energy inanimate state / appropriate energy range / high-energy animate state / little energy / chemical / constructal law / entropy law / overall kinetic energy / /
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International Journal of Astrobiology 7 (3 & 4): 293–[removed]Printed in the United Kingdom doi:[removed]S1473550408004308 f 2008 Cambridge University Press Why did life emerge ? Arto Annila1 and Erkki Annila2 1