| Document Date: 2009-09-01 19:24:03
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City Lincoln / / Company Australia Inc. / Distance Learning Association of Australia Inc. / / / Facility Benjamin Kehrwald* College of Education / Massey University / / IndustryTerm so-called lean media / online learner activity / online learning environment / online space / information processing / online learning communities / text-based online environments / text-based online learning environments / online chat facilities / networked communications technologies / personal web pages / communications technologies / respective media / online environments / online environment / media richness view / online learning / online learning environments / interactive online courses / online courses / online teaching / online participants / online presence / online course / relational systems / technology-mediated environments / messages online participants / contemporary online learning / text-based online courses / online social presence / online learners / text-based online messages / online spaces / e-flavours / telecommunications systems / / Organization Massey University / Open and Distance Learning Association of Australia / Benjamin Kehrwald* College of Education / Learning Association / / Person Benjamin Kehrwald / / / Position tutor /teacher / Archer / teacher / Walker / researcher / / Technology networked communications technologies / CMC technologies / / URL http /
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Distance Education Vol. 29, No. 1, May 2008, 89–106 Understanding social presence in text-based online learning environments Benjamin Kehrwald* College of Education, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand