equilibrium systems / given energy measurement / difficult projective-energy measurements / to quantum systems / free energy / free-energy differences / quantum devices / internal energy change / data-processing operations / internal energy / to open systems / as well to quantum systems / energy measurements / free-energy contribution / notions characterizing systems / measured energy value / interaction energy / timereversal operator / protocoldependent unitary operator / actual force protocol / system energy / actual measurement device / chemical potentials / force protocol / free-energy changes / energy / free-energy change / /
Organization
Institute of Physics / University of Augsburg / Princeton Univ. / /
Person
Herbert Callen / Peter Talkner / Peter Hänggi / /
Position
Hamiltonian HB / through Hamiltonian HSB / /
ProvinceOrState
North Carolina / /
PublishedMedium
NATURE PHYSICS / /
Technology
actual force protocol / thermodynamics / force protocol / /