energy barrier / large-scale industrial applications / dissociation energy barrier / pure metal surfaces / chemical/physical processes / chemical engineering / catalytic technologies / average energy barriers / metalby-metal deposition / experimental and computational tools / energy barriers / fuel cell devices / ambient gas pressures / chemical reaction / metal surface / differential pumping systems / real catalytic systems / energy differences / energy / measured desorption energy / metal / calculated lowest-energy barrier / chemical reactions / energy causing excessive pollution / final product / electricity / universal gas constant / electron energy analyzers / chemical properties / chemical state / energy carrier / metal-based catalyst / improved energy harvesting / catalytic systems / metal catalysts / model systems / operando analytical tools / metal bulk interstitial absorption sites / energy decreases / intermediate products / metal surfaces / chemical stability / chemical codes / catalytic devices / chemical bonding / high-energy barriers / high kinetic energy / activation energy / chemicals / water-gas / gas phase / energy diagram / higher-energy / /