Chapter LXXIV JAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI A INTRODUCTION While Europe was disengaging herself from the spiritual hold of Rome and embarking upon the hazardous yet challenging road of freedom, the Arab world was being isolate

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• Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani
• Muhammad Abduh
• Al-Azhar University
• Pan-Islamism
• Jamal ad-Din
• Muslim world
• Muhammad
• Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
• Islam and modernity
• Islam
• Religion
• Al-Nahda