SQUARE VALUES OF EULER’S FUNCTION PAUL POLLACK AND CARL POMERANCE Abstract. We show that almost all squares are missing from the range of Euler’s ϕfunction. 1. Introduction Let ϕ denote Euler’s function, let N de

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• Divisor function
• Forcing
• Siegel–Walfisz theorem
• Diophantine approximation
• Information theory
• Jurkat–Richert theorem
• Mathematics
• Number theory
• Constructible universe